Murad I (nick-named Hüdavendigâr - from Persian Persian is an Iranian language within the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages. It is widely spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and to some extent in Iraq, Bahrain, and Oman. New Persian, which usually is called also by the names of Farsi, Parsi, Dari or Parsi-ye-Dari (Dari Persian), can be classified linguistically: خداوندگار Khodāvandgār - "the God-like One") (Serbian Serbian is a South Slavic language, spoken mainly in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Croatia, and in the Serbian diaspora. Serbian is the official language in Serbia, one of the official languages in Bosnia and Herzegovina and a minority language in Croatia, Hungary, Montenegro, Republic of Macedonia, Romania and Slovakia. Standard: Мурат 1. / Murat I) (Turkish: I. Murat Hüdavendigâr) (March or June 29, 1326, Sogut or Bursa Bursa is a city in northwestern Turkey and the seat of Bursa Province. With a population of 2,550,645 (2009), it is Turkey's fourth largest city, as well as one of the most industrialized and culturally charged metropolitan centers in the country – June 15, 1389, Battle of Kosovo The Battle of Kosovo was a battle fought in 1389 on St Vitus' Day, June 15, between Serbian forces and the Ottoman Empire, in the Kosovo Field, about 5 kilometers northwest of modern-day Pristina) (Ottoman Turkish Ottoman Turkish is the variety of the Turkish language that was used as the administrative and literary language of the Ottoman Empire. It contains extensive borrowings from Arabic and Persian languages and was written in a variant of the Arabic script. As a result of this process, Ottoman Turkish was largely unintelligible to the less-educated: مراد اول) was the ruler of the Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire was a regime that lasted from 1299 to 1923, Sultan Sultan is an Islamic title, with several historical meanings. Originally, it was an Arabic language abstract noun meaning "strength", "authority", or "rulership", derived from the masdar سلطة sulṭah, meaning "authority" or "power". Later, it came to be used as the title of certain Muslim of Rûm Rûm, also Roum or Rhum , is a very indefinite term used at different times in the Muslim world to refer to the Balkans and Anatolia generally, and for the Byzantine Empire in particular, for the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm in Asia Minor, and for Greeks inhabiting Ottoman or modern Turkish territory as well as for Greek Cypriots. The name is loaned, from 1362 to 1389. He was the son of Orhan I Orhan I (1281 Sogut – March 1362 Bursa), was the second Bey, or chief, of the nascent Ottoman Empire (then known as the Osmanli principality) from 1324 to 1362. He was the son of Osman I, and his mother was Mal Hatun, daughter of Abdulaziz Bey and the Valide Sultan Nilüfer Hatun (whose name means Water lily Nymphaeaceae is a family of flowering plants. Members of this family are commonly called water lilies and live in freshwater areas in temperate and tropical climates around the world. The family contains eight genera. There are about 70 species of water lilies around the world. The genus Nymphaea contains about 35 species across the Northern in Turkish), daughter of the Prince of Yarhisar or Byzantine The Byzantine Empire was the Greek-speaking Eastern Roman Empire of the Middle Ages, centered around its capital of Constantinople, and ruled by the Byzantine emperors in direct succession to their ancient Roman predecessors. It was called the Roman Empire and also Romania (Greek: Ῥωμανία, Rhōmanía) by its inhabitants and neighbours. As princess Theodora Kantakouzene (also named Nilüfer), who was of ethnic Greek The Greeks , also known as Hellenes, are a nation and ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions. They also form a significant diaspora, with Greek communities established around the world descent[1][2][3] and became the ruler following his father's death in 1362.

Contents

Establishment of Empire

He established the Empire by building up a society and government in the newly conquered city of Adrianople (Edirne Edirne is a city in Eastern Thrace, the westernmost part of Turkey, close to the borders with Greece and Bulgaria. Edirne served as the capital city of the Ottoman Empire from 1365 to 1457, when Constantinople (Istanbul) became the empire's new capital. At present, Edirne is the capital of the Edirne Province in Turkish Thrace. The city's in Turkish) and by expanding the realm in Europe Europe is one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia to its east by the water divide of the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian Sea, the Caucasus region (Specification of borders) and the Black Sea to the southeast. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean and, bringing most of the Balkans The Balkans is a geopolitical and cultural region of southeastern Europe. The region takes its name from the Balkan Mountains, which run through the centre of Bulgaria into eastern Serbia. The region has a combined area of 550,000 km2 (212,000 sq mi) and a population of 55 million people.[citation needed] under Ottoman rule and forcing the Byzantine The Byzantine Empire was the Greek-speaking Eastern Roman Empire of the Middle Ages, centered around its capital of Constantinople, and ruled by the Byzantine emperors in direct succession to their ancient Roman predecessors. It was called the Roman Empire and also Romania (Greek: Ῥωμανία, Rhōmanía) by its inhabitants and neighbours. As emperor to pay him tribute. It was Murad who established the former Osmanli The Ottoman Turks were the subdivision of the Ottoman Muslim Millet (today Turkish people) that dominated the ruling class of the Ottoman Empire. Reliable information about the early history of the Ottomans is scarce. According to some sources (references needed), the leader (khan) of the Kayi tribe of the Oguz Turks, Ertugrul, left Persia in the tribe into an empire. He established the title of sultan Sultan is an Islamic title, with several historical meanings. Originally, it was an Arabic language abstract noun meaning "strength", "authority", or "rulership", derived from the masdar سلطة sulṭah, meaning "authority" or "power". Later, it came to be used as the title of certain Muslim in 1383 and the corps of the janissaries The Janissaries comprised infantry units that formed the Ottoman sultan's household troops and bodyguards. The force was created by the Sultan Murad I from Christian male children levied through the devşirme system from conquered countries in the 14th century and was abolished by Sultan Mahmud II in 1826 with the Auspicious Incident and the devşirme Devşirme or devshirme was the practice by which the Ottoman Empire conscripted boys from Christian families, who were taken from their families by force, converted to Islam, trained and enrolled in one of the four imperial institutions: the Palace, the Scribes, the Religious and the Military recruiting system. He also organised the government of the Divan Dīvān or dīwān was a high governmental body in a number of Islamic states, or its chief official (see Diwan (title)), the system of timars and timar-holders (timariots) and the military judge, the kazasker. He also established the two provinces of Anadolu (Anatolia Anatolia is a geographic and historical term denoting the westernmost protrusion of Asia, comprising the majority of the Republic of Turkey. The region is bounded by the Black Sea to the north, Georgia to the northeast, Armenia to the east, Mesopotamia to the southeast, the Mediterranean Sea to the south and the Aegean Sea to the west. Anatolia) and Rumeli (Europe Europe is one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia to its east by the water divide of the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian Sea, the Caucasus region (Specification of borders) and the Black Sea to the southeast. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean and).

Wars

Murad fought against the powerful emirate Etymologically emirate or amirate is the quality, dignity, office or territorial competence of any emir (prince, governor etc.) of Karaman in Anatolia and against the Serbs Serbs are a native Balkan South Slavic ethnic group. Majority of Serbs live in their ancestral lands in Central Europe and the Balkans (Southeastern Europe), between the Balkan and Carpathian mountains, in the east, and the Adriatic sea, in the west. Significant percentage of Serb people live in diaspora. The total world Serbian population,, Bulgarians The Bulgarians are a South Slavic people, generally associated with the Republic of Bulgaria and the Bulgarian language. Emigration has resulted in Bulgarian minorities or immigrant communities in a number of other countries and Hungarians Hungarians are an ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary, a Central European state, and its predecessor states (the Kingdom of Hungary and the People's Republic of Hungary). There are around 14 million Hungarians, of whom 10 million live in today's Hungary (as of 2001). About 2.5 million Hungarians live in areas that belonged to (the in Europe. In particular, a Serb expedition to expel the Turks from Adrianople led by King Vukasin and Despot Ugljesa, both being Serbian magnates, was defeated on September 26, 1371, by Murad's capable second lieutenant Lala Şâhin Paşa, the first governor (beylerbey) of Rumeli. In 1385 Sofia Sofia (Bulgarian: София, pronounced [ˈsɔfija] ) is the capital and largest city of Bulgaria and the 47th largest city by population in the European Union, with 1.4 million people living in the Capital Municipality. It is located in western Bulgaria, at the foot of Mount Vitosha, and is the administrative, cultural, economic, and educational fell to the Ottomans The Ottoman Empire was a regime that lasted from 1299 to 1923. In 1386 Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović defeated a small Ottoman force at the Battle of Pločnik. The Ottoman army did not suffer heavy casualties, and was unable to capture Niš Niš (Serbian Cyrillic: Ниш, pronounced [niːʃ] ) is the largest city in southern Serbia and the third-largest city in the country (after Belgrade and Novi Sad). According to the data from May 2009, Niš has 253,077 inhabitants. The city covers an area of about 597 square kilometres, including the urban area, the Niška Banja spa and 68 on the way back. In 1389 Murad's army defeated the Serbian Army and its allies under the leadership of Lazar at the Battle of Kosovo The Battle of Kosovo was a battle fought in 1389 on St Vitus' Day, June 15, between Serbian forces and the Ottoman Empire, in the Kosovo Field, about 5 kilometers northwest of modern-day Pristina.

There are different accounts from different sources about when and how Murad I was assassinated. The contemporary sources mainly noted that the battle took place and that both Prince Lazar and the Sultan lost their lives in the battle. The existing evidence of the additional stories and speculations as to how Murad I died were disseminated and recorded in the 15th century and later, decades after the actual event. One Western source states that during first hours of the battle, Murad I was assassinated by Serbian nobleman and knight A knight was a member of the warrior class of the Middle Ages in Europe who followed a code of law called "chivalry". In other Indo-European languages, cognates of cavalier or rider are more prevalent suggesting a connection to the knight's mode of transport. Since antiquity a position of honour and prestige has been held by mounted Miloš Obilić by knife[4][5]. Most Ottoman chroniclers (including Dimitrie Cantemir Dimitrie Cantemir was twice Prince of Moldavia (in March-April 1693 and in 1710–1711). He was also a prolific man of letters – philosopher, historian, composer, musicologist, linguist, ethnographer, and geographer) [6] state that he was assassinated after the finish of the battle while going around the battlefield. Others state that he was assassinated in the evening after the battle at his tent by the assassin who was admitted to ask a special favour. His older son Bayezid Bayezid I (Ottoman: بايزيد اول, Turkish: Beyazıt, nicknamed Yıldırım , "the Thunderbolt"; 1354/1357/1360, Edirne or Bursa – March 8/9, 1403, Akşehir, Turkey) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, then Rûm, from 1389 to 1402. He was the son of Murad I and Valide Sultan Gülçiçek Hatun who was of ethnic Greek descent, who was in charge of the left wing of the Ottoman forces, took charge after that. His other son, Yakub Bey, who was in charge of the other wing, was called to the Sultan's command center tent by Bayezid, but when Yakub Bey arrived he was strangled, leaving Bayezid as the sole claimant to the throne.

In the earliest preserved Christian record, a letter of Florentine senate to the King Tvrtko I of Bosnia, dated 20 October 1389, Murad I's killing was described. Milos Obilic, a Serbian warrior had managed to get through the Ottoman army and kill Murad I.

Fortunate, most fortunate are those hands of the twelve loyal lords who, having opened their way with the sword and having penetrated the enemy lines and the circle of chained camels, heroically reached the tent of Amurat himself. Fortunate above all is that one who so forcefully killed such a strong vojvoda by stabbing him with a sword in the throat and belly. And blessed are all those who gave their lives and blood through the glorious manner of martyrdom as victims of the dead leader over his ugly corpse.

Therefore, the earliest account suggests a coordinated attack of a group of noblemen who managed to break through and behind enemy lines, rather than a solitary act of deception by a single person.

Sultan Murad's internal organs were buried in Kosovo field and remains to this day on a corner of the battlefield in a location called Meshed-i Hudavendigar which has gained a religious significance by the Muslims (which had been renamed Obilić by the Serbs). It has recently been renovated. His other remains were carried to Bursa, his Anatolian capital city, and were buried in a tomb at the complex built in his name.

Marriages and progeny

Murad I, oil on canvas by Haydar Hatemi

Marriages of Murad I:

Progeny of Murad I:

Sultan Murad in literature

This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be and removed. (April 2008)

Prince Harry refers to Murad as "Amurath" in Act V Scene 2 when he succeeds his father, King Henry IV, in 1412:

Chief Justice. Good morrow, and God save your majesty!
King Henry V. This new and gorgeous garment, majesty,
Sits not so easy on me as you think.
Brothers, you mix your sadness with some fear:
This is the English, not the Turkish court;
Not Amurath an Amurath succeeds,
But Harry Harry!

References

  1. ^ The Fall of Constantinople, Steven Runciman, Cambridge University Press, p.36
  2. ^ The Nature of the Early Ottoman State, Heath W. Lowry, 2003 SUNY Press, p.153
  3. ^ History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Stanford Jay Shaw, Cambridge University Press, p.24
  4. ^ Helmolt, Ferdinand. The World's History, p.293. W. Heinemann, 1907.
  5. ^ Fine, John. The Late Medieval Balkans, p.410. University of Michigan Press, 1994. ISBN 0472082604.
  6. ^ Cantemir, Dimitrie, History of the Growth and Decay of the Ottoman Empire, London 1734.
  7. ^ Gibbon, Edward, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Modern Library, v. iii, p. 651
  8. ^ Finkel, C., Osman's Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire, 2005, pp.19, Basic Books
Murad I House of Osman The Ottoman Dynasty (Turkish: Osmanlı Hânedanı) ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1299 to 1922, beginning with Osman I (not counting his father, Ertuğrul), though the dynasty was not proclaimed until Orhan Bey declared himself sultan. Before that the tribe/dynasty might have been known as Söğüt but was renamed Osmanlı (Ottoman in English) in Born: 1319 Died: 1389
Regnal titles
Preceded by Orhan I Orhan I (1281 Sogut – March 1362 Bursa), was the second Bey, or chief, of the nascent Ottoman Empire (then known as the Osmanli principality) from 1324 to 1362. He was the son of Osman I, and his mother was Mal Hatun, daughter of Abdulaziz Bey Sultan of the Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Dynasty (Turkish: Osmanlı Hânedanı) ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1299 to 1922, beginning with Osman I (not counting his father, Ertuğrul), though the dynasty was not proclaimed until Orhan Bey declared himself sultan. Before that the tribe/dynasty might have been known as Söğüt but was renamed Osmanlı (Ottoman in English) in 1362 – 1389 Succeeded by Bayezid I Bayezid I (Ottoman: بايزيد اول, Turkish: Beyazıt, nicknamed Yıldırım , "the Thunderbolt"; 1354/1357/1360, Edirne or Bursa – March 8/9, 1403, Akşehir, Turkey) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, then Rûm, from 1389 to 1402. He was the son of Murad I and Valide Sultan Gülçiçek Hatun who was of ethnic Greek descent
Sultans The sultans of the Ottoman Dynasty ruled over a vast transcontinental empire from 1299 to 1922. At its height, the Ottoman Empire spanned from Hungary in the north to Somalia in the south, and from Algeria in the west to Iraq in the east. Administered at first from the city of Bursa in Anatolia, the empire's capital was moved to Edirne in 1366 and of the Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire was a regime that lasted from 1299 to 1923 by era
Rise (1299–1453) The rise of the Ottoman Empire refers to the period which started with the weakening of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum in the very early 14th century and ended with the Byzantine Empire decline and the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 Osman I Osman I, Osman Gazi or Othman I El-Gazi Ottoman: عثمان بن أرطغرل, Turkish: Osman Gazi or Osman Bey or I.Osman or Osman Sayed II), nicknamed "Kara" for his courage, was the leader of the Ottoman Turks, and the founder of the dynasty that established and ruled the Ottoman Empire. The Empire, named after him, would prevail as · Orhan Orhan I (1281 Sogut – March 1362 Bursa), was the second Bey, or chief, of the nascent Ottoman Empire (then known as the Osmanli principality) from 1324 to 1362. He was the son of Osman I, and his mother was Mal Hatun, daughter of Abdulaziz Bey · Murad I · Bayezid I · Mehmed I · Murad II · Mehmed II
Growth (1453–1683) Bayezid II · Selim I · Suleiman I · Selim II · Murad III · Mehmed III · Ahmed I · Mustafa I · Osman II · Murad IV · Ibrahim · Mehmed IV
Stagnation (1683–1827) Suleiman II · Ahmed II · Mustafa II · Ahmed III · Mahmud I · Osman III · Mustafa III · Abdülhamid I · Selim III · Mustafa IV · Mahmud II
Decline (1828–1908) Abdülmecid I · Abdülaziz · Murad V · Abdülhamid II
Dissolution (1908–1923) Mehmed V · Mehmed VI · Abdülmecid II
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Categories: Ottomans of Greek descent | Monarchs killed in action | Assassinated monarchs | 14th-century births | 1389 deaths | Characters in Serbian epic poetry | 14th-century Ottoman sultans

 

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